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Despite obstacles, an unshakeable and resourceful black New York turned out by the thousands to celebrate the abolition of slavery with parades, orations, and worship on July 4 & 5, 1827. Black New York had every reason to be proud: they had nurtured a diverse and ambitious community which included numerous churches, schools, independent businesses, benevolent and reform associations, and a fierce dedication to ending slavery, eliminating racial injustice, and holding America to its highest ideals.
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